Can you explain what the Model-View-Controller architectural pattern is?

Model-View-Controller (MVC) is an architectural pattern that divides an application into three main components:

• Model — responsible for data and business logic. It manages the application's state and interacts with the database.
• View — responsible for displaying data to the user, i.e., the user interface.
• Controller — accepts user input, processes it, interacts with the model, and updates the view.

This separation helps organize code, making it easier to maintain and extend the application.

Example: in a web application, a user clicks a button (View), the controller handles the event, requests data from the model, and then updates the interface.

// Simplified example
class Model {
public:
    int data;
};

class View {
public:
    void display(int data) {
        std::cout << "Data: " << data << std::endl;
    }
};

class Controller {
    Model& model;
    View& view;
public:
    Controller(Model& m, View& v) : model(m), view(v) {}
    void updateData(int newData) {
        model.data = newData;
        view.display(model.data);
    }
};

int main() {
    Model model;
    View view;
    Controller controller(model, view);
    controller.updateData(42);
    return 0;
}