What tools and approaches do you use to ensure data consistency and synchronized access in multithreaded systems?

To ensure data consistency and synchronized access in multithreaded systems on C/C++, the following tools and approaches are used:

• Mutexes (mutex) — for mutual exclusion of access to shared resources. For example, std::mutex in C++11.

• Semaphores — to limit the number of threads working with a resource simultaneously.

• Atomic operations (std::atomic) — for safe modification of variables without locks.

• Condition variables (condition_variable) — to organize waiting for events between threads.

• RAII wrappers — for automatic management of locks and resources.

• Using lock-free data structures — to improve performance with proper implementation.

Example of using a mutex in C++:

#include <mutex>
#include <vector>

std::mutex mtx;
std::vector<int> data;

void addData(int value) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
    data.push_back(value);
}

This approach guarantees that only one thread can modify the vector at a time, preventing race conditions and ensuring data consistency.