Can you explain the main concepts of object-oriented programming?

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) core concepts:

• Encapsulation — combining data and methods that operate on that data into a single object, hiding internal implementation from the outside world.

• Inheritance — a mechanism that allows creating new classes based on existing ones, inheriting their properties and behaviors.

• Polymorphism — the ability of objects of different classes to respond to the same messages (method calls) in different ways.

• Abstraction — highlighting essential characteristics of an object, hiding implementation details.

Example in C++:

class Animal {
public:
    virtual void sound() { std::cout << "Some sound" << std::endl; }
};

class Dog : public Animal {
public:
    void sound() override { std::cout << "Woof" << std::endl; }
};

int main() {
    Animal* a = new Dog();
    a->sound(); // Will output "Woof" thanks to polymorphism
    delete a;
}