Explain what processes are launched in the browser when entering a URL and pressing Enter.

When entering a URL and pressing Enter in a browser, several key processes occur:

1. URL Parsing — the browser analyzes the entered address, identifying the protocol, domain, path, and parameters.

2. Cache Check — the browser checks if there are saved data for this URL in the local cache.

3. DNS Query — if the IP address is unknown, the browser contacts the DNS server to obtain the IP for the domain name.

4. Establishing Connection — the browser establishes a TCP connection with the server using the obtained IP and port (usually 80 for HTTP or 443 for HTTPS).

5. TLS Handshake — if HTTPS is used, a secure connection is established.

6. Sending HTTP Request — the browser sends a request to the server (GET, POST, etc.).

7. Receiving Response — the server returns an HTTP response with a status code, headers, and body.

8. Processing Response — the browser parses the HTML, loads related resources (CSS, JS, images).

9. Rendering the Page — the browser constructs the DOM, CSSOM, executes scripts, and displays the page to the user.

This process involves network interaction, parsing, and visualization.