How is runtime structured in the Go language?

Runtime in Go language is a set of components that ensure the execution of Go programs, including:

• Goroutine scheduler: manages lightweight threads — goroutines, distributing their execution across system threads (M:N scheduling).
• Goroutines: lightweight threads created quickly and consuming little memory.
• Garbage collector: automatic memory management that frees unused objects.
• Memory manager: allocates and frees memory for objects.
• Synchronization tools: channels and mutexes for communication and synchronization between goroutines. Example of creating a goroutine:

func sayHello() {
    fmt.Println("Hello from goroutine")
}

func main() {
    go sayHello() // start goroutine
    time.Sleep(time.Second) // wait for completion
}

Thus, Go runtime provides efficient parallel execution and resource management without manual thread management.