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Stack overflow (stack overflow) occurs when the call stack overflows due to excessively deep recursion or infinite function calls.

Main causes:

• Infinite recursion — the function calls itself without an exit condition.
• Too deep recursion — even with an exit condition, but the depth of calls is too large (for example, when processing large data structures).
• Cyclic function calls — functions call each other in a loop without an exit.

Example of infinite recursion in C#:

void Recursive()
{
    Recursive(); // no exit condition
}

Recursive();

To avoid stack overflow, always have a correct exit condition for recursion or use iterative algorithms if the call depth can be large.