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Synchronous calls are when the calling process waits for the operation to complete and the result to be received before continuing its work. This approach is simple and convenient, but can lead to blocking and delays if the operation takes a long time.

Asynchronous calls allow initiating the operation and continuing execution without waiting for its completion. The result is processed later, for example, via callback, event, or polling. This increases system responsiveness and allows efficient resource utilization.

Example:

• Synchronous call: a request to a database, where the application waits for the response.
• Asynchronous call: sending an email through a message queue, where the application continues working immediately, and the sending occurs in the background.