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Method overloading in Java is the ability to create multiple methods with the same name but different parameters (type, number, or order). This allows using the same method name for different behaviors.

For example:

class Calculator {
    int add(int a, int b) {
        return a + b;
    }

    double add(double a, double b) {
        return a + b;
    }

    int add(int a, int b, int c) {
        return a + b + c;
    }
}

Here, the add method is overloaded for different types and numbers of arguments. When called, the compiler selects the appropriate method based on the signature.

Overloading improves code readability and ease of use, allowing the same name to be used for similar operations.