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Boundary value analysis (BVA) is used to verify the system's behavior at the boundaries of the permissible input value range. It is effective because errors often occur precisely at the "edges" of ranges.

Reasons for use:

• Error detection at the "edges": The probability of errors is higher at boundary values than in the middle of the range.
• Reducing the number of test cases: Instead of checking all values in the range, it is sufficient to check only the boundaries and one or two internal values.
• Efficiency: The BVA method, combined with equivalence classes, covers a significant number of errors at lower costs.
• Standard approach: It is one of the main methods of test design.

For example, if a field accepts values from 1 to 100, the boundaries will be 1, 2, 99, 100. Additionally, out-of-range values are checked: 0 and 101.

Testing boundary values helps ensure that the system correctly handles minimum, maximum, and adjacent values.