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Method overloading is the ability in object-oriented programming languages to create multiple methods with the same name but different parameters (types, quantity, or order). This allows using the same name for different variants of a function's behavior.

For example, in Java:

class Calculator {
    int add(int a, int b) {
        return a + b;
    }

    double add(double a, double b) {
        return a + b;
    }

    int add(int a, int b, int c) {
        return a + b + c;
    }
}

The compiler, when calling a method, determines which version to use based on the arguments passed. This simplifies the class interface and improves code readability.

Overloading differs from overriding, where the implementation of a method in a subclass is changed with the same signature.