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In iOS, the following methods and approaches are frequently used for managing multithreading:

• GCD (Grand Central Dispatch) — high-level API for asynchronous execution of tasks on different queues (serial, concurrent). It makes it easy to create background tasks and manage priorities.

• Operation and OperationQueue — a more object-oriented approach, where tasks are represented as Operation objects, which can be queued, have dependencies, canceled, and monitored.

• NSThread — a lower-level method for creating and managing threads, used less frequently due to its complexity and higher likelihood of errors.

• DispatchSemaphore and DispatchGroup — for thread synchronization and waiting for a group of tasks to complete.

• Using thread-safe data structures and synchronization mechanisms (e.g., @synchronized, NSLock, mutex) to prevent data races.

Example of using GCD:

DispatchQueue.global(qos: .background).async {
    // Background task
    let result = heavyCalculation()
    DispatchQueue.main.async {
        // UI update
        self.label.text = "Result: \(result)"
    }
}