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Design patterns are proven solutions to common problems that arise during software development. They are templates that help structure code, improve its readability, reusability, and maintainability.

Main categories of patterns:

• Creational — manage the creation of objects, e.g., Singleton, Factory Method, Builder.
• Structural — determine how classes and objects are combined to form larger structures, e.g., Adapter, Decorator, Composite.
• Behavioral — describe the interaction between objects and the distribution of responsibilities, e.g., Observer, Strategy, Command.

Using patterns helps avoid reinventing solutions, makes architecture more understandable, and facilitates code maintenance.